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The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic peoples. Many Tungusic languages are endangered, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain. There are approximately 75,000 native speakers of the dozen living languages of the Tungusic language family. Some linguists consider Tungusic to be part of the Altaic language family, along with Turkic, Mongolic, and sometimes Koreanic and Japonic. However, there is no consensus that Altaic is a linguistically genetic group and not a sprachbund. ==Classification== Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. One classification which seems favoured over others is that the Tungusic languages can be divided into a northern branch and a southern branch (Georg 2004): ;Northern Tungusic * Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia * Evenki * *Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Evenks in central Siberia and northeastern China * * Oroqen * * Solon * * Negidal * * ?Kili (traditionally considered Nanai) * Oroch–Udege (strongly influenced by Southern Tungusic) * * Oroch * * Udege ;Southern Tungusic *Manchu * * Jurchen–Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Jurchen/Manchus, who founded the Jin and Qing dynasties of China. * * * Xibe: spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region of China by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison. *Nanai * * Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen) * * * Akani * * * Birar * * * Samagir * * Orok (Uilta) * * Ulch Jurchen–Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language; in fact, the ethnonym "Manchu" did not come about until 1636 when Emperor Hong Taiji decreed that the term would replace "Jurchen") is the only Tungusic language with a literary form (in Jurchen script and later the Manchu alphabet) which dates back to at least the mid- to late-12th century; as such it is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic. The earliest and one of the most important extant texts in Jurchen is the inscription on the back of "the Jin Victory Memorial Stele" (''Da Jin deshengtuo songbei''), which was erected in 1185, during the Dading period (1161–1189). It is apparently an abbreviated translation of the Chinese text on the front of the stele.〔Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland, and Stephen H. West. ''China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History''. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995, pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-7914-2274-7. (Partial text ) on Google Books.〕 Other ancient Tungusic languages include that of the Mohe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tungusic languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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